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                                    May 5, 1991

                                    BROWN2.ASC
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                      From the November, 1958 FATE magazine.
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       Two diagrams are  available  for  this  article  which are listed on
       KeelyNet under the title BRNGIF2.ZIP in the F) Pictures directory.
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                     Townsend Brown and his Anti-Gravity Discs
                                by Gaston Burridge

       Thomas Townsend Brown  has  been flying  strange  metal  saucer-like
       discs of his own secret design and make for more  than  30  years  -
       some big ones too, up to 30 inches in diameter!

       Mostly, Brown has flown his discs in good old common air.  The discs
       are tethered to  a  mast  or  pole  and the thin, double-saucer-like
       things fly a circle around and around the mast in free flight.

       Only a slight hum is audible as they  fly.   In  the  dark they glow
       with an eerie lavender light, revealing their motive  power which is
       a kind of electricity.

       Many scientists and  engineers  have watched these discs fly.  Under
       their breath, and sometimes out loud,  most  of  them  have said the
       force which makes  Brown's  discoids spin is one which  every  high-
       school physics student knows about - "Electric Wind" - and not a new
       principle Brown has discovered at all!

       One engineer told  me, "The whole thing is so screwball I don't want
       to even talk about it!"  Another  said,  "The  device  is only about
       one-tenth of one  percent  efficient."  Both these  statements  have
       since been proved  incorrect!   Most  other  engineers object to the
       lack of mathematical  substantiation   presented   by   Brown.    To
       engineers and scientists  one  equation is worth a  thousand  words!
       But even an  equation is of little use unless it has values assigned
       to at least  some  of  its  main   parts.    When   these  were  not
       forthcoming, from a technical point of view, it appeared  Brown  was
       walking on straw legs.

       Then recently Brown  went  to  France.   Under  what was virtually a
       French Government sponsored   program    of   research,   Air-France
       successfully flew some of the Brown discs in a HIGH VACUUM!

       And that took  all  the  "electric  wind"  out  of   the  previously
       dissenting sails1  These  tests  were of a highly secret nature and,
       because of this, and, because they  were  made  in a foreign nation,
       their results REMAIN CLASSIFIED.

       One by one, U.S. engineering and scientific heads are beginning to

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       show above the  storm  cellars.   It  is  now  quietly admitted that
       perhaps Brown may have something after all!

       One thing he DOES have which he has  not  had  before  is a sponsor!
       Perhaps that is the reason for the heads showing from  the  cellars.
       There is nothing quite like having financial backing.

       What do Brown's inventions mean?  Another kind, type, or arrangement
       of high-speed flight,  both  within  our  own  atmosphere and in the
       space beyond it!

       How will it compare as a motive force with the rocket motors and the
       jet engines of today?  Of course,  we  cannot  say  yet but there is
       nothing to indicate Brown's method will not compete  most  favorably
       with them.  Brown's  method  has definite "anti-gravitic potentials'
       which their rockets or jets do not  have.  Because of present patent
       situations many details of the Brown system must be  by-passed here,
       but it seems  they  represent  no small item in the total picture of
       space flight.

       Since 1923 Brown and his family have  spent nearly $250,000 of their
       own funds on  experiments  and research into the mysteries  of  that
       strangest of strange   electrical   phenomenon,  the  "Biefeld-Brown
       Effect".  Electrical literature   contains   few  writings  on  this
       subject, mostly because  Brown has maintained a tight  grip  on  the
       information and has   not   seen   fit   to   write  on  the  matter
       scientifically or otherwise.  No  one  else  has  seemed inclined to
       research the matter.  What is more American scientific  journals are
       open to few  ideas  that  DO  NOT  ORIGINATE with men CONNECTED WITH
       LARGE UNIVERSITY or COMMERCIAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES!

       I first heard of Townsend Brown and  his  Biefeld-Brown  Effect from
       Mr. Arlin C.  Hauser.   Hauser  is  a designer and builder  of  fine
       technical instruments in  Pasadena who doesn't hold an idea at arms-
       length because it  is  "new".  Hauser  furnished  me  a  copy  of  a
       monograph titled, "A  SIMPLIFIED EXPLANATION OF THE  APPLICATION  OF
       THE BIEFELD-BROWN EFFECT  TO  THE  SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEMS OF SPACE
       NAVIGATION".  This monograph  was   published  by  Dr.  Mason  Rose,
       president of the University for Social Research,  Los  Angeles,  but
       was actually written,  I  learned  later,  by  Mr. Bradford Shank, a
       nuclear scientist, formally  of   Los   Alamos,   now   engaged   in
       engineering work for a Los Angeles aircraft valve manufacturer.

       Some of the information set forth in this monograph  rang a bell way
       back in my memory.

       Between 1919 and  1925 I was "errand boy" in a laboratory conducting
       experiments with high   potential,    high   frequency   alternating
       currents.  We were  playing with a million volts at  750,000  cycles
       per second!  A  new  type of electrical condenser had been built and
       was to be  tested.  It was hooked  into  the  circuit  but  was  not
       "bolted down" - it was heavy.

       The director stood  at  the  switchboard;  the  rest   of  us  at  a
       respectful distance away.   The switch was thrown.  There was a hum,
       a bursting flash of green and purple  light,  a loud bang, a violent
       lurch and twist of the new condenser and that piece of apparatus lay
       a smoking ruin!  The director said, "Gentlemen, our  baby  has grown
       up!"

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       It is this movement manifest in an electrical condenser which is the
       essence of the Biefeld-Brown Effect.  This movement makes the Effect
       highly interesting as an anti-gravitic force!

       The Biefeld-Brown Effect says an electrical condenser, when charged,
       will MOVE TORWARD  its  positive pole and remain so positioned UNTIL
       DISCHARGED, if free to do so, regardless of WHICH POLE or WHICH SIDE
       of the dielectric is made positive.

       This movement does  not  disregard   the  time-honored  "law"  which
       indicates every action  carries  within it an equal  reaction.   The
       reaction, as in  gravitation,  is  present  BUT  NOT  OBVIOUS.   The
       reaction is a finite but vanishingly small movement of all the other
       matter in the Universe.  But the nearest  masses  are affected first
       and most!

       The Effect was first observed when the condenser plates were charged
       with a DIRECT CURRENT.  But the experience noted  above,  which  was
       observed subsequently during  other experiments, indicates something
       of the same phenomenon is present  when  condensers are charged with
       ALTERNATING current also  -  but probably not as effectively  or  as
       lastingly.

       While these alternating  current  condenser  MOVEMENTS were noted at
       the time, especially  when  the condensers  were  initially  charged
       after a long  and complete discharge, those directing  the  research
       then believed the movements were due to resonances set up within the
       apparatus by the  60-cycle  feed  currents.   Thus, this phenomenon,
       though noted, was never investigated  by  the  group  to which I was
       attached.

       This electrical condenser movement is believed to  have  been  first
       perceived and examined  by  Dr.  Paul  Alfred  Biefeld, professor of
       physics and astronomy, Denison University, Granville, Ohio, sometime
       before 1923.

       However, search of the Denison University's own published scientific
       records does not indicate Dr. Biefeld  wrote anything regarding this
       discovery while there.   Dr. Lawrence Biefeld, a  son  of  Dr.  Paul
       Alfred Biefeld, writes  me  that  he does not recall his father ever
       having mentioned discovering such  an effect!  However, Mr. Bradford
       Shank who has been intimately associated with several  phases of the
       Townsend Brown Foundation  and  its  work  for several years relates
       that Dr. Biefeld did originate the  initial research into the Effect
       itself and also directed Townsend Brown, then a student  at Denision
       University, in Brown's early interest in the matter.

       Although the Effect may have been recognized first by Dr. Biefeld, a
       greater part of  the  development  research  and  ALL  the practical
       application of it has been carried  on  by Brown - mostly at his own
       expense, over a period of more than 30 years.

       Apparently the Effect was named by someone else writing  a report on
       the subject.  But had it not been for Townsend Brown's long interest
       and research this  Effect  might  remain  unrecorded and unexploited
       still!

       Evidence indicates the entire Universe, from the greatest systems of
       stars and their planets down to the smallest atom and its parts -

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       hydrogen - operates  on  only  three  basic  forces  -  electricity,
       magnetism and gravitation.   These  three  forces  may  be  entirely
       separate and different or they may be only different  phases  of the
       same force, a Universal force we have not yet distinguished as such.
       Regardless of this, we know the relationship between electricity and
       magnetism and we   know  this  relationship  is  brought  about  and
       maintained by the very simple COIL OF WIRE!

       It is quite possible, through the Biefeld-Brown Effect, we have come
       upon the relationship  between  electricity   and   gravitation,   a
       relationship being brought  about  and maintained through  the  very
       simple electrical condenser!

       If each of  these  three  forces  is  considered separately, we find
       little of practical  value in any  of  them!   It  is  only  through
       combinations of two, and perhaps more, that we begin to use them.

       Aside from the researches into the Biefeld-Brown Effect  carried  on
       by Mr. Brown  science has done practically nothing toward developing
       the relationship between electricity and gravitation.

       Most scientists today will admit a  weak  COUPLING EFFECT DOES EXIST
       BETWEEN GRAVITATION AND ELECTRICITY but any practical  use  of  this
       coupling effect they deny!

       Standing almost alone  in  this  belief Mr. Brown has maintained his
       position regarding the matter stubbornly, faithfully, and devotedly.

       If a simple, two-plate electrical  condenser (FIGURE 1) is suspended
       by a cord in such a way as to allow it complete freedom  to  to move
       in any direction,  except  downward of course, and this condenser is
       charged with the  proper  amount and  pressure  of  direct  electric
       current the instrument  will  swing  TOWARD  the  side  holding  the
       POSITIVE CHARGE.

       If this same  condenser  is  discharged,  the  positive and negative
       wires switched and   connected  oppositely,   when   recharged   the
       condenser will swing in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION.

       If the condenser is placed upon one side of a balanced  beam (FIGURE
       2) with enough weight opposite it to continue the balance and if the
       positive pole is  pointed  up,  when  the  condenser  is charged the
       weight on the opposite side of the  beam  will  fall  and the entire
       condenser WILL RISE!

       This shows that  some  of  the  "weight" of the condenser  has  been
       relieved.  If the  positive pole now is reversed, when the condenser
       is again charged the weight on the  opposite end of the beam WILL BE
       LIFTED!  This illustrates gravitic affect.

       This is the Biefeld-Brown Effect.  As far is now  known  it  is  the
       only method of   affecting  the  gravitational  field  electrically!
       However, apparently there are several  other  research  programs now
       under way attempting to establish an electro-gravitic relationship.

       One of the  mysteries  of  this  Effect  is that it  APPEARS  TO  BE
       AFFECTED BY TIME!  Time does not do away with the Effect completely,
       but it does appear to minimize it temporarily.  This was noted first
       by Brown during experiments located in a closed room.

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       He watched his  discs  through  a  telescope  from outside the room.
       Brown observed that after a time  the  discs  did not swing quite so
       far as initially,  in  either  direction,  with  the  same  electric
       charge.  I understood  from  Mr. Shank that this point was discussed
       with Albert Einstein  but  what Mr.  Einstein  had  to  say  remains
       unknown to me.

       The phenomenon might  be  accounted for by subtle atomic  structural
       breakdowns in the  dielectric material, or in the plate material, or
       both.  After a  time,  following   a   complete   discharge,   these
       breakdowns mend themselves.

       The intensity with  which  the  Biefeld-Brown  Effect   may  act  is
       determined by five  factors.  Ultimate  intensity cannot possibly be
       obtained by a combined use of all  five  factors  -  each  in  their
       separate ultimates!  A  compromise must be made.   This  is  not  as
       grave a disadvantage as it might seem at first, for it will allow an
       almost endless arrangement of factors in any given disc or ship.

       The best combination  of  these  then may be chosen and applied to a
       wide variety of practical conditions  which  will  surely  arise  in
       everyday aeronautical or astronautical flight.

       1)  PROXIMITY OF PLATES

           The first  factor  regulating  the intensity of  the  Effect  is
           controlled by  the closeness at which the condenser's plates can
           be set.  If the charging pressure  -  or  voltage - is high then
           the plates will have to be farther apart than for lower voltages
           -using the same dielectric.  If it is necessary  to  charge  the
           condenser quickly  a  higher voltage is needed than if more time
           can be  taken.   Hence,  the closer  the  condenser  plates  the
           greated the  Effect gained - other circumstances  remaining  the
           same.

       2)  DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

           The second  factor  is  the  ability of the material chosen as a
           dielectric to store electrical  energy.  There are many kinds of
           dielectrics: glass,   mica,   rubber,  paper,   bakelite,   air,
           ceramics, and  many  of  the  plastics.   A  dielectric  is  any
           material which opposes the flow  of  an  electric current and at
           the same time is capable of storing the electrical  energy as an
           "elastic stress."

           The action  resembles  the squeezing of a soft rubber ball.  The
           muscles in  your  hand represent  the  electric  voltage.   They
           squeeze the  ball's sides together.  The sides  remain  squeezed
           until your  muscles  release their pressure, then the sides jump
           back into their original shape.

           A dielectric will absorb an electric  charge  until its capacity
           has been reached.  Then it will either hold that  charge as long
           as the  charging  force  is  present, or it will rupture and the
           pressure will leak away, or if  the accumulated pressure becomes
           greater than the charging pressure it will discharge itself back
           into the charging circuit!  This last can raise the devil!

           Some dielectrics are capable of absorbing a great quantity of

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           electrical energy  if  that energy is applied slowly at moderate
           pressure, but they break down if called upon to act quickly.

           Other dielectrics, like lead-free  glass,  can  be  charged  and
           discharged thousands of times a second at high  pressures.   The
           measure of  a  dielectric's  ability  is  called  the "K" of the
           material.  The higher the K,  the  greater  is the Biefeld-Brown
           Effect.

       3)  INTENSITY

           A third factor in creating intensity of the Effect  is  the AREA
           of the   dielectric's  charging  plates.   The  discs  are  used
           edgewise, and the greater their  area,  the  greater  the Effect
           obtained.

       4)  VOLTAGE

           A fourth factor has to do with the VOLTAGE, or  pressure used to
           charge the  condenser's  plates.   The  higher  the voltage, the
           greater the Effect.

           Also, the higher the voltage  the  shorter  the time required to
           charge a given condenser size.  But the voltage  must  not be so
           high as   to   puncture   the   dielectric,   the  condenser  is
           permanently, or temporarily ruined  - depending upon its ability
           to "heal"  itself.   Solid  dielectrics cannot heal  themselves.
           Fluids heal themselves almost as soon as punctured.  (the reason
           for using OIL filled capacitors...Vangard)

       5)  MASS (SURFACE AREA)

           The fifth  and  last  factor  is the MASS ofthe dielectric.  The
           greater the mass, the larger the Effect.

       These points all are important.   They  make  it clear that by a not
       too complicated electrical arrangement which allows  the changing of
       many positive pole  positions at will an astronautical vehicle could
       be controlled.

       Since a circle  contains the greatest  number  of  square  units  of
       surface for a  given  dimension  (a torus has even  greater  surface
       area...Vangard), it seems   obvious   that  a  shallow,  disc-shaped
       vehicle could use this type of energy  field  to greatest advantage.
       It would be  charged  differently than the models because  it  could
       carry its own charging equipment on board.

       The input energy of some models tested in California quite some time
       ago (they do  not  represent  present  experimental attainments) was
       about 50 watts, or the requirements of a small light bulb.

       The weight of these units was about 1200 grams, or around 42 ounces,
       or near two and 6/10 pounds.  The efficiency of propulsion was 2%.

       Unless scientific findings  are   discounted,  we  must  assume  the
       voltage of atmospheric  electricity rises as the distance  from  the
       earth's surface increases.

       At low altitudes we sometimes record an increase of 100 volts for

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       EVERY THREE FEET   IN  ELEVATION.   But  this  increase  RISES  WITH
       ALTITUDE. It is believed that in that  ionosphere a potential of 100
       volts may occur within only four inches!

       Even though a  discoid-shaped  vehicle  could  be  relatively  thin,
       compared to its  diameter,  still it would be many times four inches
       thick.  Hence, it would be subjected  to tremendous differentials of
       external electric pressure over its extreme dimensions.

       How will this affect the Biefeld-Brown Effect - or  any electrically
       propelled vehicle?  Some  say,  not  at  all.   Others  see  it as a
       sizable barrier!

       Anti-gravity devices apparently are  being  experimented with from a
       number of directions.   Once  any  one of them becomes  practical  a
       whole new horizon will unfold before mankind.

       At the present time (1958) some 19 patent applications, covering the
       Biefeld-Brown Effect and its various applied forms, are being worked
       on.  A new  laboratory  is  also being built.  Will Mr. Brown be the
       first Earthman to build and fly a FLYING SAUCER?

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       Vangard notes..

            The Law of Equilibrium includes  Density.   All  things Rise or
            Fall to their own Density.  This density can consist  of energy
            in many forms, electric, magnetic, tachyon, etc.

            Note the  remark regarding the higher voltage potentials in the
            upper atmosphere.  Both the Brown disc and the Searle disc rely
            on very high voltage potentials  to provide lift.  The question
            is whether the electricity seeks its own upper atmosphere level
            or does  it  cause some kind of stress in some  other  type  of
            energy to  cause repulsion from the Earth surface or ATTRACTION
            TO A LAYER EQUIVALENT TO ITS OWN.

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         If you have comments or other information  relating to such topics
         as  this paper covers,  please  upload to KeelyNet  or send to the
           Vangard  Sciences  address  as  listed  on the  first  page.
              Thank you for your consideration, interest and support.

           Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
                             Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet

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