The following image shows an 18 diode Coherence Converter, one of the first ESEG circuits tested. Just behind the diode strip can be seen the copper screen that was wrapped around the charge capacitor and connected to the Exciter coil with the silver alligator clip. The ground connection is at the top left corner of the board. The circuit diagram for this circuit is seen in Fig:6. Fig:1 The following image shows the back of the Coherence Board of Fig:1 and shows the 1KuF capacitor wrapped with the copper screen. Fig:2 In the initial experiments the charge capacitor was excited by excitation of a copper screen or sheet wrapped around the insulating cover over the capacitor body. In the beginning it was felt that the insulating cover would offer a layer of protection and reduce a possible arc over into the capacitor itself. In the following image the various capacitors that were tested are shown. The unit with the screen over it is a 120uF/330V photo flash capacitor. The other capacitors were 10uF, 220uF, 470uF and 1000uF. It should be noted that all capacitors in the first experiments were of the Radial type. Fig:3 In the following image I show a 120uF/330V photo flash capacitor with the plastic covering removed. In all of the capacitors tested none had an electrical connection from the capacitor itself to the aluminum can enclosing the capacitor. Fig:4 The following circuit diagram is of one of the early test configurations. In the first series of tests the input voltage to the SEC Exciter was kept low until it could be determined if arcing might take place within the capacitor because of the high RF excitation. Fig:5 Once it was determined that it was safe and would not affect the charging of the capacitor, a direct connection from the exciter to the capacitor container was used in place of the copper screen or sheet. The following circuit is similar to Fig:5, but does reflect the direct connection to the exterior of the capacitor and not a copper wrapping. Fig:6 The primary problem with the ESEG circuit is the extremely high impedance that must be maintained on the output in order to allow the charge capacitor to charge rapidly to a high voltage. If a single set of charging diodes are connected to a physically large capacitor or a number of smaller capacitors in parallel, the physical mass of the units will decrease the effective charge voltage and overall charge time of the system. Additionally I found that it is far more effective to use many smaller valued and small physically sized capacitors than fewer larger ones. Because of the high impedance that must be maintained and the fact that the charging capacitors do not work well with any common connection between units (except excitation) result in a complex engineering problem on how to used the stored energy. The following image shows one attempt at pulling the energy from to capacitors using a common ground between them and isolation diodes into a single SIDAC that switched into a 7W incandescent bulb as a load. The common ground shared by the two circuits prevented the capacitors from charging to their full potential. Even with the isolation diodes the first capacitor to reach a voltage able to fire the SIDAC set the maximum voltage of the second capacitor. The circuit configuration did not result in an equal load sharing by the two capacitors. You can also see in the picture that this was an early in the experiments in that the copper screen was used in coupling to the capacitors. Fig:7 The diagram shown in Fig:8 is a refined ESEG and shows that the diode converter can be reduced to just two diodes. The circuit shows a simple way to use the charge from the charge capacitor as it uses one SIDAC and a 7W incandescent bulb as a load. Another interesting point that is different is that the input to the diode converter can be either a earth ground or a long wire (antenna) but in reality a counterpoise. Fig:8 \ The circuit shown below in Fig:9 is the diagram of the experiment shown in Fig:7 where two capacitors were charged and fed into a single SIDAC by two isolation diodes. The primary difference between this circuit and Fig:7 is that only two diodes are used in each converter. It should further be noted that each capacitor has a complete set of diodes even though the commons of each capacitor are connected together. During the experiments it was found that charge efficiency decreased when only a single diode was used in the ground leg of the charging circuit. Fig:9 As stated earlier this configuration caused the lowest valued capacitor to be the set point for the charge. In other words if capacitor C1 were 1/2 the value of C2, C2 would never charge to the same voltage as C1 and this is best explained by the simple time constant formula of T= RC where for C1 T= 1/2 of C2. One may ask at this point what the difference is in the following two circuits. Fig:10 Fig:11 Simply stated the primary difference is that in the circuit of Fig:11 the SEC Exciter is directly charging the dielectric of capacitor C1 through the diode converter. Whereas in the circuit of Fig:10 the SEC Exciter is only providing the bias or excitation to allow C1 to be charged from the earth ground or the counterpoise connected to the diode converter. There should be a significant difference realized in the input energy of the circuit in Fig:10 as being less as opposed to that in Fig:11 to obtain the same charge on C1. Now having shown all of the preceding circuits I must show the simplest of the Exciter stimulated charging circuits. Fig:11a You can see at once in the circuit of Fig:11a that a ground connection is not used at the junction of diodes D1 and D2. This variation in performed experiments was found to charge C1 at a consistent rate of ~2.5 volts per second. Looking at Fig:11a the question almost always asked is; 'Why not just use one diode?' The answer to that question is fairly simple, 'It does not work with one diode'. The reason for this is explained later in this paper. In a one diode circuit as shown in the following diagram, the charge rate is about 2mV per seconds and in most case will stop charging at one volt or just under one volt. Fig:11b The diodes used in Fig:11a and 11b were 1N4148's from Vishay. A second point of interest is that even though the capacitor will not charge properly with one 1N4148 (with forward drop of ~0.6->0.7 volts) it will indeed charge very rapidly with two Germanium diodes which have a combined forward voltage drop less than one 1N4148. Not to diverge from the primary topic, yet this is the appropriate time to bring into focus a circuit that has stirred interest for some time and may indeed hold a position of promise. The circuit is a passive circuit and a SEC Exciter is not part of the operation, rather the potential to drive the system comes from the simple connection to a conventional AC Service ground wire as shown in the following diagram. *It should be noted that connection to either the 'Hot' or 'Neutral' wires, provides no operational advantage and presents a hazard and the potential of possibly serious electrical shock or death. The service ground connection is the connection of choice. Fig:12 The diagram of Fig:12 may look like a party joke to many people, but this simple circuit can cohere useful energy at no cost (other than components). Capacitor C1 can range from 10uF to 100uF and is of the electrolytic type. The charge obtained by a 100uF capacitor over a period of 100 minutes is shown in the following table. Fig:13 Time/Min  Voltage/C1 0 0 10 4.10 20 6.72 30 8.93 40 10.78 50 12.28 60 13.55 70 14.68 80 15.54 90 16.28 100 17.53 Granted that 15.37mJ is a small amount of collected energy after 100 minutes, except for the fact that this is a totally passive collection system. A graph of data from the table of Fig:13 appears to deviate from what would be expected and the charge appears to be almost linear after the ~12 minute point. Fig:14 This simple circuit can lead to a lot of speculation on just how it is operating and where the energy that charges C1 actually comes from. One of the often mentioned sources is inductive coupling from the other wires in the AC service line and this could indeed contribute to the resulting charge, except that if the circuit is connected directly to the 'Hot' wire of the service where it sees a potential of ~120VAC, the charge rate does not change all that much and stays well within a +/- 10% measurement accuracy. If we were looking entirely at 60Hz/120VAC as the charging source we must ask if dV/dT can actually be applied? A second view on the source uses the potential difference between the Earth itself and the Atmosphere surrounding it, very similar to a number of circuit's patented by Tesla where he indicated charge on a capacitor obtained between an antenna and earth ground. Although the circuit indicated here does not use the same connections as that of Tesla. In the following image the Earth and the charge circuit is shown and one thing should be immediately noted and that is that the indicated depiction would be a DC circuit and dV/dT would not apply. Fig:15 If we look a little further into the circuit from Fig:15 we would tend to agree that the diodes and capacitor should present a larger charge as the circuit is moved higher and higher in a vertical direction from the earths surface and the ground connection. In this same line of thinking one would assume the charge would be very small if the circuit was at the same level as the ground connection. This assumption is incorrect. Another variation of the circuit in Fig:15, follows in Fig:16. In the circuit of Fig:16 counterpoise wires are added to the capacitor connections. If you insist on calling these wires antennae, that idea is quickly shown to be wrong as explained in the following. Fig:16 In Fig:16 you can see two wires labeled Cp1 and Cp2 and they form a counterpoise for the charging circuit. The length of these wires is usually less or equal to 1 meter for each. Increasing the length beyond the one-meter can actually start to reduce the charge rate rater than increase it as might be expected. The length of the counterpoise wires is of less influence on the charge rate than is the mass of the wires. In most cases shorter yet larger diameter wire will work much better than a longer small diameter wire. The idea that the two wires are antennae is rather quickly refuted when the wires themselves can be replaced by blocks of Aluminum or Copper of small length, width and thickness dimensions. Indicating that mass rather than wavelength of a wire is a greater influence in the amount and rate of charge in the circuit. To view what could be a practical circuit for energy capture and some of the problems that will be encountered, the following circuit diagram reflects such a circuit. The following picture is of the simplicity of the circuits shown in Fig:15-16, the picture was supplied to me by a Researcher 'Ben Thomas' who has contributed his time and expertise towards determining the practicality of these circuits. What you see in the picture is 18 diodes configured in the standard configuration as described throughout this paper and a 10uF Film capacitor. The feed point of the diodes is connected to ground via the Yellow lead coming from the end of the board at the top center of the picture. Rather than using wire counterpoise connections from the capacitor, Mr. Thomas used the mass of two lead acid batteries by connecting each side of the charge capacitor to the (+) positive terminal of a battery. The (-) negative terminals were left unconnected. The results obtained by Mr. B. Thomas in one of his tests is seen in the following table.   Time/Min Voltage/C1 0 0 10 5.5 20 10.2 30 14.1 40 17.4 50 20.1 60 22.2 70 24.0 At 60 minutes the energy on the 10uF capacitor was (1E-5*(22.2^2))/2 = 2.464mJ Fig:16a Fig:17 The diagram shows four capture capacitors labeled C1 through C4 and a charge master capacitor labeled Cm across which a Load is connected. The switches S1 through S4 are double pole normally open and in operation are closed in a rotating order, following a S1, S2, S3 then S4 and back to S1 to start the rotation over. To show that a circuit configuration as shown in Fig:17 would work, manual switches could be used although the energy available on the master capacitor Cm would be very erratic from such manual operation, yet it will show the idea to be feasible. Before continuing on with the Exciter powered circuits we need to revisit the Ground powered systems of which basic examples are shown in Fig:15 & 16. The next diagram is the same as the preceding powered circuit, except the capacitors are charged solely from the Earth Ground connection. Fig:18 Again as with the Exciter powered circuit of Fig:17, the feasibility of this circuit can be proven by manual operation of the charge transfer switches. One critical point so far in both the circuits of Fig:17-18, is that each capture capacitor is fully isolated from the others and this is why the diagrams are shown with the DPST switches. At the present time in the research I have always lost capture efficiency in trying to reduce parts count by removing the capacitor isolation and making for example the Ground of the capacitors common. Refering back to Fig:7, I was able in that case to obtain sufficient energy to power the 7W lamp by making the capacitor common except for the isolation by way of the diodes into the SIDAC.   This is now the correct point in this paper to review a couple of the Tesla circuits. In Fig:19 it is difficult to be sure do to the poor quality of the diagram, but I feel that the relay was configured as a buzzer or a self make/break configuration (oscillator). I was never sure what the device to the far right was as the icon does not match that of what is and was used for a capacitor during the time period although the caption would suggest that it was a spark gap. Additionally I am not sure of the component above the relay contacts; it could be a spring or a resistance (load). Even though the diagram is incomplete, much information can be obtained from it that can be merged with the research I have done to show many similarities. Fig:19 Fig:20 The following Tesla circuit is a bit better in it completeness and does indicate that he used a relay in the make/break auto oscillation mode to perform the chopped switching of the capacitor charge into what appears to be the load (the round ball connected to the ground of the relay). I am not sure what the device is that is shown by the circle in the upper part of the battery circuit, it could have been an indicator light to show the operation of the relay. Fig:21 The following circuit diagram is from a test I did in 1995 after seeing some of the Tesla work. What I did may be a bit overboard in that it is far more complicated than the preceding Tesla diagrams, yet I desired better control and did not want arcing or large magnetic fields to become involved in the results. Fig:21b Close examination of my circuit in Fig:21 will show that I am simply driving and AV Plug from the excitation of an antenna of relative short length (approximately 1.5 Meters) and of course a real and solid earth ground. Where Tesla used a oscillating relay for switching I used and opto-coupler driven by a pulse width adjustable square wave oscillator. The circuit performed well and did indeed build a very respectable charge in the 22uF capacitor, yet I was never happy with the results as I felt that charge from the activation diode was adding to any Radiant Energy that may have been captured. A number of circuits were tried along this same line of thinking, although all were supplying additional charge to the capture capacitor. I therefore gave up on this approach and switched to passive coherence circuits.   One now wonders how this all could tie together, the Passive driven and the Exciter driven circuits, how to utilize the best of both? That is partial answered in the following pictures of an experiment that resulted in a vast amount of information. The experiment involved a passive collection system comprised of (8) eight 120uF/330V photoflash capacitors, each with two diodes to ground in the standard configuration. The experiment started by shorting each capacitor in the bank to insure it was discharged. The bank was connected to earth ground by a clip lead and the capacitor bank was placed some 30cm away from a SEC Exciter. The Exciter was powered up for (5) five seconds and then turned off. The voltages on each of the capacitors in the bank were measured. All capacitors had charged to 38 volts in 5 seconds. It must be noted that the energy consumed by the exciter does not change when capacitors are charging or not. The exciter does not see or know that it is charging the capacitor bank. Fig:22 Fig:23 I decided to stop fooling around with the little capacitors and purchased a number of 3-Farad 24V units as seem in the following photo. Fig:24 The digital control display is shown in the following picture. The display will show the charge status in both words (Lo & Hi) as well as percent of charge. Fig:25 The following photo shows how the SEC Exciter was coupled to the capacitor by a single small layer of Al foil wrapped around the center of the capacitor. The exciter can be seen at the bottom of the photo coupled to the foil with a clip. Note that the charge indicator shows 'Hi' for the capacitor. Fig:26 The following are two additional pictures taken during the charge period. Once the capacitor charges high enough to power the monitor circuit the Red LED (seen on left) starts to glow, followed by the readout indicating 'Lo'. Once the capacitor is fully charges the readout will read 'Hi'. Fig:27-28 The circuit used to charge this 3-Farad capacitor is similar to that shown in Fig: 5. The results of this configuration are very interesting. The input to the SEC Exciter was 18.1V @ 4Ma for an input of 72mJ. After 15 minutes of charge the capacitor voltage was 16 volts. Eq:17 The input to the SEC Exciter is ~0.072 Joules per Second and after 15 minutes we have; Jt = (0.072 * (3600/4)) = 64.8 Joules The resulting charge on the capacitor at 16 volts is; Jc = (3 * (16^2))/2 = 384 Joules If we would disconnect the charged capacitor and average the discharge over 15 minutes (same as charge cycle), we would see; Jd = 384/(3600/4)) = 0.4267 Joules per second or 426.7 mJ/sec. Although this is a very simplified way of doing this calculation, it does result in some interesting results. Looking at 'alpha' or circuit gain; Eq:18 alpha = (0.4267/0.072) = 5.926 this is compared on the charge per second versus the discharge per second. Comparing the overall sum we get; Eq:19 alpha(sum) = (384/64.8) = 5.926 You can view a lab log video that was made during a test with one of the large power capacitors. The video was not really made for public release, but because of Hurricane Ike it may be some time before I can produce video's again.   Various circuit designs were tried between the SEC Exciters and Capacitors, with many showing promise and evolving into a practical design. The following three circuit diagrams and explanations show three circuits that did evolve from the research, with the last circuit, Figure 31, which resulted from the first two designs. Fig: 29 The circuit of Figure 29 utilized a number of sub-circuits that later proved to not be necessary or advantageous. The initial testing was done using rechargeable 1.5-volt batteries, a total of three giving a full charge potential of 4.5 volts. The first sub-circuit to be removed was the diode chain D3->D10 and coil L4 which was connected to an Earth ground system. Fig: 30 The circuit shown in Figure 30 is from Figure 29 with the ground sub-circuit removed and still using the charging filter composed of ferrite beads and ceramic capacitors. It was initially thought that the RF that would appear across the batter would degrade any charging effect, which turned out not to be the case. Indeed there did appear to be a reduction in effect when the filter was used as opposed to when it was removed. Figure 31 illustrates the resulting circuit configuration. Fig: 31 The circuit in Figure 31 shows the return to a more practical battery type and voltage, a 12-volt SLA (solid lead acid) of 7-ampere hour capacity. Additionally the circuit shows an AV Plug driving a Red LED that is used only as an indicator of Exciter output (oscillation). The current consumption of the Red LED is minimal and is a valuable indicator when a Spectrum Analyzer is not available. The circuit shown in Figure 31 will indeed charge or not drain the battery voltage during operation, although a serious problem was found and appears to be present in other circuits using a similar connection methodology for the capacitor. This problem is an inherent destruction of the capacitor itself (See Captret Paper) either by capacity change or the buildup of gas and danger of blowout of the capacitor container. In short the capacitors are not intended to every be used in this configuration and the electrochemical actions that take place inside the capacitor when used in this way are destructive in many ways. Another way to approach this is to move away from the standard filter type electrolytic capacitor and move into utilization of AC Capacitors, capacitors intended to be used for higher currents and not contain chemical and material polarizations. It is immediately obvious that a standard AC capacitor can be interchanged with the electrolytic and expect the circuit to operate. What will happen is the loss of the electrochemical action and the tertesisry plate at which point the drive energy is applied. Fig: 32 Although still problematic, Figure 32 shows a way to get away from using the container drive connection by utilizing two capacitors and driving the center as shown. This is what I prefer to refer to as a poor mans AC capacitor arrangement. The fact that electrolytic capacitors are still used is indeed a remaining problem. I must further note that the connection of electrolytic capacitors as shown in Figure 32 is not exactly how it would be done in a true poor mans implementation. Normally either the anodes or cathodes would be connected together and signal applied to the outer legs. In this case they are connected in a series fashion and if not done this way the exciter will not operate at all because of the polarization present. At this point it appears that the capacitor electrolyte when biased in such a way allows the formation of a battery inside of the capacitor itself and as the chemical action takes place it produces gas much as it would when exposed to higher than rated voltage and or currents. It was further confirmed that as the damage was occurring, the capacitor does not overheat. The capacitor forming a battery internally could indeed explain the charging observations and the resulting energy is in excess of the energy needed to produce the artifact or the battery would discharge rather than charge. Testing has never proceeded to the point of total capacitor destruction, as there appears to be no point in doing so. I does not appear beneficial in any way to consider the capacitor expendable and a source of depleting energy, although the concept is not lost in what it presents.